Fringe benefit plans Essay Example for Free

Incidental advantage plans Essay What, truly, are incidental advantages? Incidental advantages are a noteworthy portion of a laborers complete remuneration bundle, which has developed after some time (Flynn, 2000). They are of two sorts: One kind of incidental advantage is the spreading of an employee’s pay, which was earned while working, over periods when the worker doesn't work. The other kind of incidental advantage incorporates a wide range of things which became fill in for cash pay, which the worker may spend for things voluntarily. Rather than getting one’s whole cash wage, the representative may get some of it as indicated products or assumed administrations. A wide range of things become fill in for cash pay. They extend right from better can offices in the plant to fairways for individuals from the groups of representatives maybe even assistance in building a congregation of some section in the network. It might be more organization picnics, or a Christmas celebration, or protection of some sort, or an annuity for mature age a wide range of things. Retirement annuities, despite the fact that all laborers might be secured by an essential age-related state benefits, most by far of firms work a word related annuity conspire for their representatives to which the firm contributes. Regardless of the onus for annuity arrangement moving towards the person in various nations, including the UK, organization annuity plans stay a generous and far reaching incidental advantage. Different advantages incorporate excess installments and limits on organization items and the utilization of organization vehicles. Now and then these incidental advantages are the consequence of representative weight, either through the association or with no association. Be that as it may, regularly they are started by the executives; an organization plan is placed into impact. Anyway they come to fruition, incidental advantages of this sort share one viewpoint practically speaking. Smith (2003) has stated that in each case its cost comes out of the cash due the representative as pay. Incidental advantages are not only an interest after all other options have run out by men living in a general public which as of now supplies them with nearly all that they need. They fulfill some central human needs which, however for conservatism on the two sides of industry, would presumably have become matters for the bartering table well before now. Incidental advantage plans increment the advantages accessible to representatives through arrangement of such advantages as better benefits, year-end rewards, paid get-aways, wiped out leave, and occasions and a cooled working spot, notwithstanding the employees’ essential compensation. In certain occasions, benefit sharing understandings are additionally included, just as store rebate benefits of laborers. At this stage, the craving for security and coherence of pay may well have become as incredible, or more prominent, than the longing to raise salary. Therefore the social rationale of incidental advantages in a propelled society. With regards to medical coverage and annuities, incidental advantages help make up for nearsightedness in a people utilization choices. High negligible expense rates, for the two firms and laborers, support the utilization of incidental advantages. As laborers have gotten happier in genuine terms this has expanded their interest for incidental advantages. Incidental advantages gave charge points of interest on the two specialists and firms. In principle it was conceivable to decide the ideal blend of wages and incidental advantages according to the organizations want for benefits. A significant extent of the normal specialists expenses to his manager are as incidental advantages. Undoubtedly, huge firms can get bunch limits and bigger quantities of representatives guarantee lower per-laborer expenses of organization. Regularly incidental advantages are charged at moderately low rates, if by any means. This makes solid impetuses for the firm and its workers to build the extent of incidental advantages inside complete remuneration. Further, tax assessment inclusion is somewhat deficient at the worker level inferable from specialized challenges in burdening singular incidental advantages and in light of the fact that government assistance pay is generally little. Incidental advantages additionally have a preferred position to the businesses on the grounds that the advantages were charge deductible as well as in light of the fact that they diminished turnover and in this way supported profitability. Additionally, the utilization incidental advantages improved the general confidence of the workers. The social condition was working. WORKS CITED Flynn, B. (2000). Incidental advantages. New Statesman, 129 (4499), 32. Smith, S. (2003). Work Economics. (second Ed. ). London: Routledge.

Oliver Twist :: essays research papers

OLIVER TWIST CHARACTERS  Harry ~ He is Mrs. Maylie's child, and he is infatuated with Rose.  Rose ~ She lives with Giles and Brittles, and is uncertain on how she feels about Harry until the end.  Oliver ~ Represents the hopelessness and destitution of the poor during the 1800.  Bil ~ He is an expert hoodlum, an exceptionally mean individual, a heavy drinker, and is beau of Nancy.  Toby ~ A hoodlum (he is Bill’s aide).  Nancy ~ A generous lady who sadly pays for being that at long last. She is additionally Bil's better half (who she is frightened of).  Brittles and Giles ~ The individuals whose house was broken into by Sikes, Toby, and Oliver. Additionally the individuals who dealt with Oliver after he came to them practically dead.  Mrs. Bedwin ~ Housekeeper for Mr.Brownlow.  Mr. Brownlow ~ Oliver's first student, he and Mrs.Bedwin took generally excellent consideration of him.  Fagin ~ Teaches kids how to become hoodlums, yet everything he does is make the kids take for him with the goal that he doesn’t need to do it without anyone else's help or a so he wouldn’t get found doing it.  Doctor Losberne ~ Doctor that helps Oliver after he get shot in the arm.  Mr. also, Mrs. Blunder ~ Preppy and Snobby individuals, and they detest Oliver.  Mrs. Cheesy ~ Mr. Blunder's better half, it was her original surname before she was hitched to him.  Mr. Priests ~ He was otherwise called the outsider, however he was truly Edward Leeford (Oliver sibling).  Mrs. Maylie ~ She is Harry's mom. Outline Bil Sikes, Toby Crackit, and Oliver burglarized Brittles and Giles. During the time spent the theft Oliver is shot in the arm thus Sikes wouldn't get captured he left Oliver in a dump to pass on. The following morning he strolls to Brittles and Giles house and took him in and called the Doctor. At the point when the specialist came he said that he was eager to see the kid. After Oliver's arm is dealt with Brittles, Giles, Rose, Mrs. Maylie, and the specialist chose not to tell the police, yet what they choose to do is deal with him and give him a home. At the point when Oliver disclosed to them his story they felt terrible for him, so they disregarded him to recuperate. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â When Oliver recovered he discovers that Mr. Brownlow and Mrs. Bedwin had moved toward the West Indies.

Top Five AWOL Novelists Was It Something I Said

Top Five AWOL Novelists Was It Something I Said You know what would be kind of awesome? If cream-o-the-crop novelists like Jonathan Franzen, Haruki Murakami and Jeffrey Eugenides published kick-ass literary novels at a frequency of even half that of other, um, novelists, like Janet Evanovich and James Patterson. But they dont. Probably because they have this irrational hang-up about only affixing their names to books theyve written themselves. Snark aside, there are any number of real reasons for long gaps between novels. Usually the simplest explanation is the right one: Novelists have spent their time on other projects, like teaching, traveling, or writing non-fiction, short stories or essays. But the opposite may be true, too: Theyre blocked. Or, perhaps theyre actually gone for good, having enrolled at Harper Lees School For Quitting While Youre Ahead. (One final theory: They know Im waiting anxiously for their new books, and they enjoying annoying me.And so now that that jokes out of the way, this seems like a good time to broach the fact that I do realize this whole post has an air of presumptuousness â€" that these novelists are nothing but circus clowns, plying their trade to entertain me (us), and the only thing that matters is how quickly they can crank out their next bit of art. I dont really think any of this, just so were clear. Sorry for the detour. Back to the post.) So, as you surely know by now, last week, Eugenides published a novel (The Marriage Plot) for the first time in nine years. (By way of comparison, James Patterson publishedand Im not exaggerating here, you can count for yourself58 novels in that same time. 58!)   And thats gotten me thinking about other writers whose novels I loved, but who we havent seen in awhile. Here is my top five: 5. Norman Rush and Robert Stone â€" Im lumping these two old, venerable American novelists together here largely because I seem to constantly conflate them in my own mind. They even bear a passing physical resemblance â€" each sporting a distinguished old-guy white beard. Rush is the author of intellectual thrillers Mating (1991) and Mortals (2003), which was his last novel. Stone has published a memoir (Prime Green: Remembering the Sixties â€" 2007) and a book of short stories (Fun With Problems â€" 2010), since his last novel â€" 2003s Bay of Souls, which, frankly, was a far cry qualitywise from many of the other six novels (especially Damascus Gate, which is incredible!) hed published over the course of the last 35 years. 4. Claire Messud â€" Though many people didnt, I loved The Emperors Children (2006), a novel about a clique of single folks in New York City. But Messud hasnt published another novel since. She had written three pre-The Emperors Children novels between 1995 and 2001, so Im hoping for something new soon! 3. James David Duncan â€"   The Brothers K, one of my favorite novels of all time, came out in 1992. Since, Duncan has published numerous essays, a volume of short stories, and a memoirbut no novel. Sadly, I think Duncan may be a prime example of the Harper Lee School â€" if he hasnt published in 19 years, its hard to imagine a new novel is forthcoming. I hope Im wrong â€" and hes actually slaving away at the Karl Marlantes School (30 years to write and publish Matterhorn). 2. Cormac McCarthy â€" Another Great American Novelist who is getting up there in years (hes 78). McCarthys last novel was The Road (2006). I know this is literary sacrilege, but The Road is actually the only McCarthy novel Ive liked (and Ive read a lot of his stuff). And The Road got me just interested enough to keep going with McCarthy. But now hes made us wait five years. (Incidentally, somewhere, Philip Roth â€" who definitely reads Book Riot! â€" just slammed an angry fist onto his typewriter, and commenced a tirade about how age is no excuse to stop publishing.) 1. Zadie Smith â€" From 2000 to 2005, Smith published three novels â€" the brilliant White Teeth (2000), The Autograph Man (2002), and On Beauty (2005). And thensilence (at least novelistically speaking). Shes published several essays (collected in Changing My Mind: Occasional Essays â€" 2010), but no more fiction. Please come back, Zadie. We miss you! There you have it. Who is on your list? From which novelists are you patiently waiting for something new? Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers.

Essay Sample about My Mistakes

Essay about my wrongdoings and mistakes Have you ever been involved in some serious wrongdoing? What lesson did you learn from the experience? Highway to Death Making mistakes is a natural part of life, since learning from them helps us to progress. My love for speed started while I was a young girl. I enjoyed watching car races and was fond of playing car speeding games, unlike other girls my age who had a passion for dolls. When my dad noticed my interest, he would take me to the rally competition each year. Five months after my dad’s funeral, I decided to take his 504 Peugeot for a ride. After I had done about 3 miles from home, I pressed on the gas pedal to the far end, shifting gears at an interval of 5 seconds. For a while it felt awesome, but I was starting to get scared, and when the speed approached the 87 mph mark, I could see a grave sign blinking on the dashboard. A dark cloud covered the sky, and for seconds there was a pin drop silence. I drove past a red light at a crossroad, and from the passenger window I could see a trailer driving towards me. My head hit hard on the steering wheel and the shards of broken glass spewed in all direction. From a distance, I could hear the ambulance siren and a male voice that kept repeating the words â€Å"you are going to be alright, hold on, we are almost there†. My whole body was numb, and at some point I thought was dying. Yes, I still love fast cars and cool stunts performed by great drivers, but I chose to be on the spectator side of it all. I fully recovered after 15 months, but I will never forget that deadly ordeal that almost took my life. Observing speed limits and traffic lights have become a compulsory routine to my driving.

The Rhetorical Strategy of Identification

US-South Korean Relations A New Era of Cooperation Free Essays

string(155) " exchanges in misperceived intentions and mutual suspicions spiraled into political turmoil that culminated in the shocking assassination of Park in 1979\." President Carter stated in a secret memorandum at the beginning of his administration that â€Å"U. S. – Korean relations as determined by Congress and American people are at an all time low. We will write a custom essay sample on US-South Korean Relations: A New Era of Cooperation or any similar topic only for you Order Now † This statement, coupled with his iron determination to withdraw forces from South Korea, reflected the end of what is often known as the â€Å"Golden Age† of Korean-American relations. During Park Chung Hee†s 18-year authoritarian reign over South Korea, the late 1970s portray a complex web of alliance relations and tumultuous security commitment that threatened the overall strength of the two allies. Constant U. S. intervention and attempts to influence Korea†s political process were met with massive resistance and did not deter then president Park from steadfastly continuing his Yushin system of authoritarian rule until his sudden assassination in 1979 (Gleysteen 4). However, the decades following the 1970s portray yet another shift in Korean-American relations. Once opposed to Western style democracy, the government of the 1990s (namely, Kim Dae Jung) has shed its authoritarian foundation and now supports a policy that reflects the ideals of Western democracy. South Korea has effectively put into place a system of democracy that will now be difficult to overturn, if anyone should ever again try. Although unsuccessful in the 1970s, the U. S. has finally realized its primary goal of political liberalization in South Korea. In this paper, I will discuss the relations between Korea and the U. S. in the late 1970s and the factors that led to tensions in alliance; mainly, differing political ideologies. Then, I will elaborate on the great strides Korea has made in achieving democracy, therefore lessening the political gap between Korea and the Western nations. I will do so by presenting Kim Dae Jung†s strongly democratic vision of Korea among opposing viewpoints. By analyzing his response to Lew Kwan Yew†s generally anti-Western democracy stance, one is able to discern the similarities in political thought that bridged the seemingly irreparable gap rendered during the Park Chung Hee rule. The differences in these two political leaders effectively portray the opposite ends of the political spectrum and show the changes in government Korea has made during the governments of Park and Kim. Upon Park Chung Hee†s rise to power following the military coup of 1961, it was inevitable that Korea would not follow a trend towards democracy. Given Park†s military background, Confucian heritage and Japanese education, there was nothing in his history to suggest that he would embrace democracy American-style. In fact, he considered this practice to be â€Å"inconvenient and unproductive† (Oberdorfer 32). A U. S. military assessment noted: From the time he led the 1961 coup, it has been evident that President Park had little admiration for or interest in the craft of politics. His approach to his stewardship as ROK head of state has remained that of a general who desires that his orders be carried out without being subjected to the process of political debate (Oberdorfer 33). Although heavy U. S. ressure influenced Park to return to nominal civilian rule following his coup, one can see that from the beginning there were prominent factors that foreshadowed the clash of ideologies to come. Park began his most anti-democratic line of rule in 1972 with the advent of his â€Å"Yushin† system that disbanded the National Assembly, declared martial law, discarded the existing Constitution and prepared for indirect election of the president. To silence opposition, Park arrested many of the senior political leaders of the country. He justified this radical line of rule by declaring that they were â€Å"revitalizing reforms† that were necessary to strengthen and unify the nation to prepare for possible Northern invasion and maintain national independence (Oberdorfer 38). All pretense of a civilian government was thus ended by this blatant grab for complete authoritarian power. Following a policy that encouraged gradually lower levels of U. S. engagement with Korea, the U. S. responded to this maneuver by stating that they had not been consulted or involved in Park†s actions and would seek to avoid involvement in Korea†s internal affairs (Oberdorfer 41). In effect, the U. S. was attempting to not endorse the Yushin plan as a whole by following a policy of disassociation that diminished the role of the U. S. in Korea†s political system. U. S. involvement, while always present, became significantly more intrusive with President Carter†s rise to office in 1976. At this time, America†s reaction against military commitments abroad were seen for the first time since the Vietnam disaster when President Carter advocated the withdrawal of U. S. troops from Korea almost immediately following his inception into office. Korea was, of course, adamantly against this maneuver and Carter†s own government displayed opposition to such a drastic move. However, for undetermined reasons, Carter remained steadfast in this course of action for almost the entire duration of his office. Although the administration and Congress opposed the immediate withdrawal of U. S. forces, they were not against the idea of using the issue to induce a process of liberalization. However, they had to be careful in their suggestions so as to not provoke a nationalist and regressive reaction. The U. S. ought to do this by attempting to recover strained relations with Park, hoping it would lead to gradual democratization by a friendly and understated counsel. Park too hoped to end the awkward relations with the U. S. but sought to maintain U. S. support without changing his ruling style. He proposed a summit with Carter in January 1979 but rejected Western style democracy as unsuitable to Korea. Although both sides wanted to return to the friendly relations of the past, misperceptions regarding the other†s government led to escalating tensions (Gleysteen 6). The political interplay was such that Park believed that the U. S. policy toward Korea would shift from human rights and democratization to security, whereas the Carter administration gradually adopted a flexible status quo policy linked to a strategy of offensive intervention. These exchanges in misperceived intentions and mutual suspicions spiraled into political turmoil that culminated in the shocking assassination of Park in 1979. You read "US-South Korean Relations: A New Era of Cooperation" in category "Essay examples" There can be no doubt that although the U. S. pparently had not direct involvement in the assassination, its public statements and support of the opposition helped to fuel and enhance the struggle for Park†s demise. The fall of the Park regime and the â€Å"Carter Chill† are interdependent, and the decline of the Triangular Alliance Security System (TASS) is apparent as Korean politics continued to deviate from U. S. interests. There is a fundamental lack of compromise and miscommunication between the Carter and Park administrations that led to the detrimental effect of unsteady alliance. With this level of tension and uncertainty, relations can only be strained and self-defeating, for they are only encouraging instability in the very region that both are trying to maintain peace in. Judging by the transition of Korean-American relations and the dismal conclusion in 1979, neither side was entirely successful in securing their interests and maintaining a cohesive alliance management. However, the shift to democracy (and consequently, united Korean-American interests) came in 1987 when Korea held its first popular ballot since Park Chung Hee†s narrow victory in 1971. Since then, Korea has been on a sometimes shaky but determined road to continue democracy that appears to have no end. We see this commitment to democracy in current President Kim Dae Jung, who has had a long and remarkable history in advocating democracy. Throughout his long and volatile political career, Kim has remained staunchly dedicated to his belief in democracy despite constant threat and repression. Kim came very close to winning the popular ballot in 1971 against Park Chung Hee and it was no secret that Park despised and feared him. He was abducted by Park†s KCIA in Tokyo and brought back to Seoul bound and gagged, after which he was placed under house arrests and later imprisoned. After Park, Chun continued the vengeance by having Kim arrested and sentenced to death. It was only with the influence of the Reagan administration that Chun reluctantly allowed Kim to live. Prior to 1987, there had been only 2 months since his kidnapping fourteen years earlier when he had been free of house arrest, prison, exile, or some other serious official restriction. In these years of adversity, Kim has had the opportunity to strengthen his convictions and answer major questions facing Korea (Oberdorfer 177). When Kim Dae Jung assumed power as President in 1997, many thought finally. After a political career that has spanned more than 4 decades, Kim was finally able to implement his democratic ideals. Kim was also a U. S. favorite for the presidency for it meant that Korea would strengthen its democratic government and Korea would have a president that the U. S. ould relate to – unlike Park Chung Hee in the 1970s. Overall, Kim†s ascension into the presidency signified increasingly harmonious Korean-American relations into the 21st century. There is perhaps no better assurance of Korean-American political compatibility in the 1990s than Kim Dae Jung†s article that appeared in Foreign Affairs magazine in late 1994. In order to understand Kim Dae Jung†s adamantly pro-democracy article titled, â€Å"Is Culture Destiny? † one must first understand the Lee Kwan Yew interview that provoked it. In his interview with Foreign Affairs in early 1994, Lee Kwan Yew, former Prime Minister of Singapore, stated his belief that the primary reason that Asian countries cannot adopt Western democracy is due to the inherent differences in culture. In response, Korean President Kim Dae Jung argues that Asian culture does not oppose the ideals of democracy, but rather, enhances it. He believes that Asian culture in no way hinders the progress of democracy and the resistance of authoritarian leaders and their supporters only obstructs incorporation of such a culture into democracy. And above all, Kim supports the ideals of democracy and promotes it fully throughout his article. Kim asserts that though Lee stresses cultural values throughout his interview, that alone does not determine a country†s fate. Furthermore, he believes that Lee†s view is not only unsupportable but also self-serving. Throughout the article, Kim disputes Lee†s arguments of incompatibility and implies that Lee†s â€Å"democracy is incompatible with Eastern culture† argument is only used to justify his personal anti-democratic beliefs. The effects of Kim†s history of political oppression and opposition against authoritarianism can be seen throughout this response. In reply to Lee†s view that an individual exists within the context of the family, Kim points out that industrialization has brought the inevitable consequence of self-centered individualism. Also, Lee†s statement that â€Å"the ruler or government does not try to provide for a person what the family best provides,† rejects what he perceives as the intrusive nature of Western governments. In it, Lee claims that this intrusiveness is not suited for family-oriented East Asia. However, Kim argues that this is not true, for East Asian government are much more intrusive than Western governments into the daily affairs of their people. Whereas Western people exercise much more individual liberties than Eastern people, the Eastern governments tend to limit individual behavior. Singapore, for example, strictly regulates activities such as gum chewing, spitting, and littering. Lee even dislikes the â€Å"one man, one vote† principle that Kim states is a fundamental part of democracy, saying that he is not â€Å"intellectually convinced† that it is best (Kim 190). Kim goes on to argue that though he cannot disagree with Lee†s objection to forcing an alien system indiscriminately upon societies in which it will not work, he questions the extent to which democracy is alien to Asian cultures. Contrary to Lee, Kim believes that Asian culture in fact enhances democracy and even contains underlying foundations that are essentially democratic in nature. Similar to the Lockean foundation of modern democracy that gives sovereign right to the people and leaders a mandate to govern through a social contract that the people can withdraw, Asia also has a similar philosophy. Chinese philosopher Meng-tzu preached that the king is the Son of Heaven and is given a Mandate of Heaven to provide government for the good of the people. If he did not do so, the people had the right to rebel and overthrow the government in the name of heaven. A native religion of Korea further advocated that â€Å"man is heaven† and one must serve man as he does heaven (Kim 190). Kim also describes the ancient political systems of China and Korea in which the government practiced the rule of law and saw to it that all citizens were treated fairly. Powerful boards of censors supported freedom of speech by checking imperial misrule and abuses by government officials. Therefore, he says, the fundamental ideas and traditions necessary for democracy exist in both Europe and Asia. Many Asian countries, including Singapore, became prosperous after they adopted a Western style of free-market economy, which is also an integral part of democracy. In countries where economic prosperity preceded political advancement, it was only a matter of time before democracy followed. The best proof that democracy can work in East Asia, Kim says, can be seen in the fact that despite the resistance of authoritarian leaders, Asia has achieved the most remarkable record of democratization of any region since 1974. This achievement has only been overshadowed by Asia†s tremendous economic success. Kim uses the finding of experts who claim that the new economic world order requires guaranteed freedom of information and creativity, things that are only possible within a democracy. Thus, Kim maintains, Asia has no alternative to democracy because it is also a matter of survival in an increasingly competitive world (Kim 192-193). Much to the U. S. â€Å"s pleasure, Kim suggests that Asia look towards the models of the democracy in the West and learn from their successes and failures. He advocates a â€Å"rebirth of democracy that promotes freedom, prosperity, and justice both within each country and among nations, (193)† and using the traditional strengths of Asian society to better the implementation of democracy. Kim says, â€Å"such a democracy is the only true expression of a people, but it requires the full participation of all elements of society. Only then will it have legitimacy and reflect a country†s vision. † Policies which strive to protect people from the negative effects of economic and social change will never be effective if imposed without consent, but those same policies will have the strength of Asia†s people if decided through public debate. Furthermore, Kim advocates the need to strive towards a new democracy that guarantees the right of personal development for all human beings and the wholesome existence of all living this. As a whole, Asia should firmly establish democracy and strengthen human rights. The biggest obstacle to democracy, Kim asserts, lies not within culture but within authoritarian governments. Coming at the brink of a political comeback, Kim†s article was in many ways pivotally timed to gain the support of the international community as well as the majority desiring Korean democracy. Through his support of public voice, direct elections, and humanitarian policies, one can clearly see the enormous change in Korean-American political interplay during the course of two decades. Judging by the strength of Korean-American relations in the 1990s in comparison to the faltering one of the late 1970s, one can reasonably conclude that similar principles (rule of law, popular elections, freedom of press and speech) prove successful in stabilizing alliance management. The more positive image of Korea to Americans as the Koreans democratize versus all the scandals (Koreagate) and human rights violations of the 1970s have also served to improve the image of Korea to Americans. Parallel trains of political thought and an enhanced Korean image in America have helped to make the Korean-American alliance far more beneficial and reliable than it was before Park†s demise, when it was feared that relations were irreparably deteriorated. More than any other president in Korea†s history, Kim Dae Jung personifies the ideals of Western style democracy. In direct contrast to Park Chung Hee†s rule in the 1970s, Kim Dae Jung supports a political policy that embraces Western ideology. The fundamental points within his argument are in line with primary U. S. interests of democratization, so it is easy to see why Americans would welcome Kim as Korea†s leader. Twice in his political history the U. S. intervened to save Kim†s life and they further showed their support more recently when they pledged economic aid and support for Kim†s reforms. Thus, the 1990s have seen the vast improvement and strengthening of Korean-American relations while Korea progresses to become independent of the U. S. Democratization is well on its way and unlikely to regress, and Korean-American relations steadily continue to improve. No longer is their alliance merely one in which Korea is a junior ally unable to exert much influence – Korea has gradually been able to test the limits of their alliance and exercise more power than ever before. An alliance that started as a U. S. security interest has evolved to become a more interdependent one in which both states will reap the benefits. Kim Dae Jung†s parting comment, if followed, will forever bind the U. S. and Korea as allies with the same political vison – â€Å"Culture is not necessarily our destiny. Democracy is† (194). How to cite US-South Korean Relations: A New Era of Cooperation, Essay examples

Nelson Mandela (3754 words) Essay Example For Students

Nelson Mandela (3754 words) Essay Nelson MandelaExcuse me sir, may I see your pass? These words mean very little to most Americans; however these words struck fear in the hearts of black South Africans during the times of apartheid. While apartheid was being practiced, blacks were restricted in the jobs they could hold, facilities they could use, as well as the places they could be, and all blacks had to carry passes for identification purposes. If the passes were not in order, the carrier was subject to arrest. Through these terrifying times, one man rose above all the rest in the effort to combat this terrible practice of apartheid. This man was Nelson Mandela; a man who was so dedicated to the overthrow of apartheid that he was willing to spend twenty-seven years of his live in prison for the cause. Mandelas rise to the South African presidency, after his release is well documented, but in order to truly understand Mandela, one must examine his life before his prison term, and rise to the presidency. When analyzin g Mandelas life from this point of view, several questions come to the forefront. First of all, what was the extent of the apartheid laws which Mandela and the people of South Africa were facing? Secondly, what tactics did Mandela use to combat this practice of apartheid? Thirdly, what factors played a motivating force in the life of Mandela? And finally, what impact does the life of Nelson Mandela have on the rest of the world? After carefully answering each of these questions, one can easily see that Nelson Mandela was a man shaped by apartheid into a staunch nationalist that served as an example for his people and the world. In understanding Mandela as a nationalist, one must first have an idea of the brutal laws which he faced and dedicated his life to overthrowing. Apartheid was the policy being used to repress the blacks at the time of Mandela. Encyclopedia of Britannica describes apartheid as, policy that governed relations between South Africas white minority and nonwhite majority and sanctioned racial segregation and political and economic discrimination against nonwhites (Britannica web). It is important to note that racial discrimination existed in South Africa since Europeans first came there, however the policy of apartheid was not instituted until after the victory of the National Party in the election of 1948 (Britannica web). Once the National Party gained power, they began their movement towards apartheid in 1950 with the Population Registration Act (Britannica web). With the passing of the act, all South Africans were forced to classify themselves into one of three racial groups: Bantu (bl ack South Africans), Coloured (of mixed dissent), and white (Britannica web). A fourth group to include Asian inhabitants was a later addition to the act (Britannica web). This demeaning Population Registration Act was the foundation for all of the brutal apartheid laws that were yet to come from the National Party. Once the National Party had all South Africans placed into categories based on their race, they preceded to enact one policy that was particularly devastating to blacks. The name of this policy was the Group Areas Act of 1950. Before discussing the impact of this act, it is important to understand the extent of the majority the blacks had over the whites. Black residents numbered 31.5 million people, Colorued were 3.3 million, Asian 1.2 million, and the whites had only 5.4 million inhabitants (Geocities web). Now the purpose of the Group Areas Act was to prevent members of certain races from having land, houses, or businesses in particular areas of the country (Britannica web). As a result of this act, the small minority of white citizens was allotted over 80% of South Africas land (Britannica web). By analyzing the numbers presented, it is not difficult to see how this act had a devastating effect on black South Africans. Blacks represent approximately 75% of the population, yet are only able to use less than 20% of the land. As one could imagine, it would be hard for anyone to prosper under those conditions. Besides the Population Registration Act, and the Group Areas Act many other acts were passed to ensure the segregation between blacks and whites. Two acts in particular demonstrate that the ideas of the National Party were already in practice before they took power. These acts, very similar to the Group Areas Act of 1950, were the Natives Land Acts of 1913 and 1936 (Geocities web). The result of these acts was the large black majority being restricted to only 13% of the land in South Africa (Geocities web). To ensure that blacks would not move into white area, the government instituted pass laws (Britannica web). These laws forced blacks to carry documentation at all times, and these documents would show the authorities in which areas these people could travel (Britannica web). From these laws, one can easily see how the white government of South Africa used any means at their disposal to demean and keep blacks at an economic disadvantage. With this understanding, one can imagine how these policies could spawn the nationalist ideals of Nelson Mandela. After gaining an understanding of the laws Mandela was in opposition to, one must next look at the tactics he used to combat apartheid in order to truly understand him as a nationalist. The first time Mandela delved into anything that could be considered nationalist was when he joined the ANC (African National Congress web). The ANC was established in 1912 as a non-violent organization to combat the repression of black South Africans (Mandela xi). In 1944 Mandela joined the Youth League of the ANC, and the nationalist implications of the maneuver will be discussed later in the paper (Mandela xi). As far as ideology is concerned the ANC believed in using non-violent civil disobedience, which consisted of strikes and protests, and avoided taking lives at all costs (Mandela xi). According to one source the ANC saw, passive resistance was the only way to combat the heavily armed, violent state (Benson 43). By his involvement in these organizations one can easily see the efforts of a begi nning nationalist in Mandela. By 1952 Mandelas respect as a nationalist led to him being named the leader of the ANCs Defiance Campaign (xi). The Defiance Campaign stressed the type of non-violent resistance, which was the foundation of the ANC. Although the movement was passive, the masses were involved, and Mandela alludes in his autobiography when he writes, Doctors, factory workers, lawyers, teachers, students, ministers, defied the law and went to jail (115). The role of the masses in this nationalist movement headed by Mandela was also obvious in the fact that 8,500 people went to jail during this campaign (115). The fact that Mandela led this grass roots campaign to gain more freedom for his people, serves as an excellent example of Mandelas nationalist tactics. After the Defiance Campaign, and incident occurred on March 21, 1960 that would shape many of the nationalist tactics Mandela would use up until the time he was sent to prison. On this day, a group of blacks were peacefully protesting anti-pass laws in a region known as Sharpeville (Mandela xii). In response to the demonstration, South African officials fired on the protestors, and, in fact, killing many of the people (xii). The incident was labeled the Sharpeville Massacre, and because of it the National party called for a state of emergency, in which the ANC was banned (xii). With the banning of the ANC Mandelas and the other members of the ANC were forced to take their efforts underground (xii). The banning of the ANC, led to new nationalist philosophies within the group. These new philosophies are evident in a quote from Mandela, when he says, When some of us discussed this in May and June of 1961, it could not be denied that our policy to achieve a non-racial State by non-violen ce had achieved nothing (Mandela 22). This quote shows that Mandela and fellow members of the ANC new something new needed to be done within the ANC. What Mandela and other nationalist leaders decided to do was to form a military faction of the ANC called the Umkanto Sizwe (24). Mandela lets readers know this was the last option when he writes, We did so not because we desired such a course, but solely because the government had left us with no other choice (24). The nationalist members of the Umkanto decided on sabotage, over guerrilla warfare, terrorism, and all out revolution, as a means to obtain their goals (26). Mandela makes readers aware of why they chose sabotage when he writes, Sabotage did not involve the loss of life, and it offered the best hope for future race relations (26). The main targets of this sabotage were power plants, infrastructure, government buildings, as well as symbols of apartheid (26-27). The efforts of the Umkanto were designed to have a crippling eff ect on both the government and the economy, and in doing so change the attitudes of South African voters (27). Mandela was the leader of this group until he was arrested in Natal on August 5, 1962, and sentenced to life in jail (27). By leading and partaking in these efforts to rebel against a repressive government, Mandela once again shows himself as a nationalist. After looking at the brutal effect apartheid had on Mandela and the people of South Africa, as well as the tactics he used to fight this practice, one must delve deeper into Mandelas life to better understand what shaped his nationalistic ideas. In his own autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, Mandela says, I cannot pinpoint a moment when I became politicized, when I knew that I would spend my life in the liberation struggle (83). Mandela goes on to discuss how frustrating it was that he could only hold certain jobs, live in certain areas, ride on certain trains, etc. (83). Although Mandela says that his attitude of natio nalistic political activism was the result of coming face to face every day with the apartheid laws that have already been mentioned, there are some specific motivations that can be seen as particularly influencing his nationalistic feelings. Martin Luther King Jr. EssayBesides the impact of Lembede and the Asiatic Land Tenure Act, the third major event that formed Mandela as a political activist and a nationalist was the election of 1948. This election pitted the United Party, which was in power at the time, against the National Party (Mandela 96). Although the United Party did not treat the blacks particularly well, they were rather mild compared to the National Party (96-97). The platform of the National Party was the idea, and programs of apartheid, which was discussed earlier in the paper. The main ideology held by the Nationalist Party was that blacks were inferior to whites, and that the white man should always have control over blacks (97). Eventually, the Nationalist Party, led by Dr. Daniel Malan, won the election of 1948, and this came as a great shock to the entire country (97). One would expect the black South Africans to be devastated by this outcome; however they were not. After hearing news of the electi on, Mandelas partner Oliver Tambo said, I like this. Now we will know exactly who our enemies are and where we stand (Mandela 97). Put differently, the new threat from the state allowed for the ANC to become more united on the ideal that some drastic new actions had to be taken (99). So by looking at the implications of the results of the election of 1948, we can see how it led to further understanding that more nationalist/activist actions had to be taken by Mandela and the ANC. Now that the laws Mandela faced, tactics he used, and his nationalist influences have been discussed, one must now analyze what kind of an impact Nelson Mandela had on his people and the world. Nelson Mandela spent twenty-seven years of his life in prison. After Mandela was released, the people of South Africa let him know what kind of impact he had on them in a rally on February 11, 1990 (PolyGram Video). The masses expressed what Mandela had meant to them in a song entitled, Father of our Nation (PolyGram Video). Some of the lyrics of the song are, You shaped our destiny, for many years we waited for you. Oh Mandela, son of Africa, Father of our freedom, Spirit of our Love (PolyGram Video). Hearing this quote, one can see the extreme gratitude the people of South Africa felt towards Nelson Mandela. Black South Africans understand that it was Mandela and his nationalist yet peaceful agendas that achieved freedom for them. Finally the song shows how dedicated the people were to Mande la, and how they did not forget about him while he was imprisoned. Mandela was conditioned from a young age to be a figure of great impact to his people. Even as a child, Mandela was groomed by the Paramount Chief of his tribe to eventually hold a position of leadership (ANC web). From his upbringing, Mandela was taught a strict work ethic, and learned the value of dedication (ANC web). Obviously, this dedication served Mandela well in his attempt to impact the lives of his people. Mandela makes his audience aware of his dedication to the freedom struggle when he says, You can see that there is no easy walk to freedom anywhere, and many of us will have to pass through the valley of the shadow of death again and again before we reach the mountain tops of our desire (ANC web). This quote comes from Mandelas address to the ANC Transvaal Congress in 1953, and shows the dedication he was willing to put forth to the freedom struggle (ANC web). It was because of this dedication that Mandela was able to unite the masses in a fight for freedom, and eventuall y bring apartheid and the government of the National Party to an end. By bringing about the end of apartheid, Mandelas nationalist tactics have had a profound impact on the lives of his fellow Africans, and blacks can now have an opportunity to succeed and prosper in South Africa. To conclude this paper, I would like to analyze the impact Mandela, as a nationalist, had on people around the world. To do so, I will talk about what I learned from Nelson Mandela while doing my research. While researching Mandela, I came across a quote from Ralph Waldo Emerson, and the quote said, I will stand here for humanity? I think this quote is an excellent explanation of how I now see Mandela. Mandelas efforts to overturn apartheid can really be admired by all of humanity, not just because he was dedicated to overthrow an evil system, but because of the manner in which he did so. One important idea to me was the fact that Mandela was against bigotry of any kind, and he was not just concerned about his own people. One quote which I found to be very moving explains Mandelas effort to end racism, and Mandelas quote says, I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the idea of a democratic and free society in which all per sons live together in harmony and with equal opportunity (Mandela 5). This dedication to democracy, and loving your fellow man is something that I believe should be applied throughout the world. I also am able to really admire Mandela for the love he expressed to those who were repressing him, as well as the fact that he combated violence with non-violence. The fact that Mandela went about his nationalist efforts in way that would do the least to damage race relations is very admirable. The world has recognized Mandelas work in this area as well by rewarding him with the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 (Britannica web). None of Mandelas goals would have been accomplished if it were not for Mandelas aforementioned dedication, as well as his willingness to sacrifice. These too are qualities for which Mandela must be greatly admired. For those throughout the world fighting repression, Mandela can serve as an example of the action necessary to triumph in struggle. Because of his democratic at titude, and determination, I believe that Mandela truly does stand here on earth for humanity, as an example of what we should all strive for. BibliographyWorks CitedBenson, Mary. Nelson Mandela: The Man and the Movement. WW Norton ; Company; New York: 1986. http://anc.org.za.htmlhttp://www.eb.comhttp://www.geocities.com/apartheid.htmlMandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom. Little Brown and Co.; New York: 1994. One Nation, One Country. Phelps-Stokes Institute for African, African American, and Indian Affairs; New York: 1998 (Mandela quotes xi-5). Video: MANDELA Son of Africa, Father of a Nation PolyGram Video New York: 1996. Legal Issues

Compare and Contrast Engagement Ring vs Promise Ring Essay Example

Compare and Contrast: Engagement Ring vs Promise Ring Paper A little girls fantasy fall comes true; but it starts with one promise of two little words, I do. While this may take time for most girls, I am lucky enough to have two rings, my engagement ring and my promise ring. They both have not only physical features, but symbolic features as well as different stories and backgrounds of how they came to be in my possession; however, they share a single similar promise. My grandmother originally gave me my promise ring.. One day she took me Into Target and I just happened to spot the jewelry counter. At this time I really didnt have any fancy rings that I could wear daily, and I wanted one so badly. I picked out the perfect one! It was sky blue and shaped like a heart. It was on a white gold ring, and beside the blue stone were tiny little dots of sterling silver that look like a flower. It was perfect since my favorite color was blue and It just had everything I wanted In a ring. But sadly, my grandmother said maybe another time. Disheartened, I turned away and we went on with our trip to Target. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast: Engagement Ring vs Promise Ring specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast: Engagement Ring vs Promise Ring specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast: Engagement Ring vs Promise Ring specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, that Christmas. Not to long from our Target adventure, my grandmother surprised me with a ring. Although I argued repeatedly that this could not be the ring I had originally picked out, she reassured me that it was. A couple of days after receiving the ring from my grandmother, I had to get a plate put into the backing because my fingers were too small, and the ring would Just slid off. After the ring fit right, looked amazing, and made me so happy, I was finally content with It. At that moment I had decided that I wanted to wear the ring as much as possible. And so, I wore It everyday until I eventually took it off to much and then I wore it only occasionally when would remember to wear it, and finally I eventually stopped wearing it all together because I forget about putting it back on my finger. Several years down the road, my fiancà ©Ã‚ © and I met. We first met in a typical way: through the Internet, on a website known as My Year Book. We chatted for a few months, and finally decided to meet up with each other. Ironically, we were less than five minutes away by car and we never even knew. It honestly was love at first sight. Another month rolled on by, and we saw each other every single day that summer of 2008. Finally, on Tuesday August 12 at 10:30 in the morning while we were walking through the forest near our houses, he asked me if I wanted to be his girlfriend. I can never forget that moment because life Just seemed everlasting. We fell in love and just could not Imagine ourselves with anyone else. Month after month rolled on by, and deeper In love we fell. One day, while I was cleaning out my Jewelry box, I found the ring my grandmother had given me many years ago. I took it and showed my boyfriend the ring the next time I saw him and told him that I found this in my jewelry box, leaving out the part of how my grandmother had bought it. He took one look at it and said this is it! Looking at him puzzled and confused, he proceeded to tell me that he was looking for a ring that he could give to me to show his love and affection Ana Tanat tins roll was perfect. So en Knelt down on one Knee, Ana salad to me, Nicole Renee Rose Heron, would you promise me your heart forever and always and we shall be together until we die and there after? Of course, crying my eyes out, I said yes. And so he then placed it on my left ring finger. After a year went by, we were still promised to each other. Not once did I take off the ring because I had a fear of losing it again or Just forgetting to put it on one day. We still fell deeper and deeper in love with one another daily. Although trying to balance high school, three Jobs and trying to see the man I love was difficult, however, we made the best of everything. We both Just knew that one day we would get married and start a family because we still could not see either of us with any there person. One day, my boyfriend and I decided that we should look at engagement rings at a local department store. So, we did. Again, I noticed the Jewelry counter once I entered the store. Once there, I looked at rings in the engagement area and suggested to my boyfriend about what rings I liked and which ones I wanted. It had to include a diamond and be on white gold. Also at the store, I sized my finger Just for his future knowledge of what my size would be if he would buy me any type of ring. Once he got an idea of everything I wanted in a ring, we left the tore. On Sunday May 10th 2009, also known as Mothers Day, I went over to my boyfriends house for the whole day. We were upstairs lying on his bed Just talking about everything and anything! Things like are we going to get married, are we going to be good parents, are our families ever going to stop fighting, will we be able to support ourselves, how much we loved one another, and the list Just continues on. Everything possibly imaginable was something we talked about. But once tears began to fall from my eyes, he got up and went over to his dresser. I questioned his action, and he Just said hold tight. I sat there waiting; he returned and told me to stand up because he wanted to talk to me. So, I wiped the tears from my cheeks and stood up. He began to talk to me about how much he loved me and how he knew that our trust would never be stronger after we got married. After that, he knelt down on one knee, pulled a box from behind his back and opened it revealing an engagement ring. He proceeded to tell me, Nicole, you are so beautiful and I love you dearly, and our love or each other is so strong, and I want us to never end. I want our trust to be everlasting. I want our love to be pure and true. So I ask you, Nicole Renee Rose Heron, would you do the honor of marrying me and becoming Nicole Renee Rose Rue? Once again, with tears running down my face, I of course said yes! He then took off our promise ring and moved it to the ring finger on my right hand and put the engagement ring on the ring finger on my left hand. This ring was absolutely beautiful! I again denied picking this exact one out, but he reassured me that it was he one that I had my eye on every time we would go out to a Jewelry store or a department store. I had three stones, two sapphires surrounding one diamond. They were all resting on a crafted white gold band. I fell in love with it! Therefore, along with the promise ring, I have not taken it off since: not even to shower. This ring has honestly become part of me Just as my fiancà ©Ã‚ © has become part of me. Some say that the left ring finger has a vein that runs directly to the heart therefore, the engagement and wedding band goes on the left finger. The promise ring acted as the original promise to each other that we should never separate and that we will always love can toner. Metaphorically teen ring Deadlocked toners Trot coming Into my near Then once the engagement ring took over that Job, the promise ring moved to the right hand as a daily reminder, since Im right handed, that I am taken and my heart belongs to someone. Now, the engagement ring is on my left ring finger permanently blocking out foreign men from loving me. These two very different rings that come together for a main purpose: to help two people fall and stay in love with one another.

Teleological Argument Essay

Teleological Argument Essay Teleological Argument Essay The Teleological Argument for the existence of God is positioned firmly on fairly solid ground. However, this solid ground may have a few splinters. The basis of the argument relies on the intricate nature of the universe and the life that inhabits this Earth, claiming that since everything that is around us works in such a complex, organized, and nearly perfect manner, there must be an intelligent designer behind these works of nature. The first three premises state that human artifacts have purpose, or intelligent design, and that nature resembles these artifacts by having organization and function, only significantly more intricate than human artifacts. It is supported even within science by looking at how delicate life is, and that even if something as small as the size of neurons and protons were not the exact proportion as they are, life would be impossible. Some argue this thesis in accordance to Darwinian evolution, saying that there is no intelligent design, but rather a ran dom process of trial and error. This can be negated, as the book explains, by suggesting evolution’s trial and error to be the design. I can accept this rebuttal. What I have a problem with most is how the Teleological Argument can explain something like extinction, specifically the annihilation of dinosaurs. An intelligent designer would not make an entire group of inhabitants for this planet, a group that took a lot of time, organization, and even evolution to come into existence, just to

Arts of China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arts of China - Essay Example The advent of the computing technology saw the introduction of new platforms to aid artists in their work.The following discourse specifically focuses on how arts has been influenced through technology. In specific, it gives inferences to china as the focus of the topic. Computers introduced desktop publishing as well as computer aided designs, examples of the influence they have on arts. There are various software in the market that are used for producing artistic images and creations. It has influenced virtually every aspect of arts including music, paintings, as well as in designing. The use of computers in arts has its drawbacks and benefits. One of the arguments fronted by those who are against technology is that it suppresses the very artistic talents that it is supposed to promote. The platforms provide easier ways of producing the various forms of ort that the innate creativity in a person is not nurtured at all. However, this argument is not admissible since technology only makes work easier for mankind. Consequently, the use of computing in arts is to aid and develop the art in ways in which it can be embraced by all. Computers use software and applications make drawing and creation of arts easier. Besides, the applications have tutorials that guide users on how to come up with high quality pieces of art. However, despite all these, it is also still evident that there are other aspects that the artists must have; computers may help with drawings but will not communicate the intended idea unless the artist employs creativity. The artist must thus have a sense of color balance and know the effective use of colors to communicate. Colors have their meanings and using one instead of the other can take the whole picture out of context (Sullivan 87). Just as stated, art is a channel of communication. Paintings and drawings have been used in the past to overcome cultural or even language barriers. One aspect communicated through arts is identity. This determi nes one’s likes and preferences. These are easily manifest in arts and come out flawlessly through creative expression. For instance, an artist would easily employ a favorite color, which is the most common manner of expressing identity. Additionally, identity exposes the cultural practices of a community within which one lives. The images an artist chooses to draw and the manner in which tit is done portray the cultural practices alluded in a an artist’s imaginations. Daoism and Confucianism Daoism and Confucianism are two philosophical provisions largely manifest in Chinese arts. Confucianism rejects unwarranted emotions and beliefs in superstitions. It espouses that logic and reason can solve most, if not all, human problems. Daoism, on the other hand, provides for a natural life; this is a life lived in ascribing to the provisions of nature. The two may appear conflicting but strike a common ground in the need for people to live on the naturally occurring and visib le aspects of life. Trying to explain the unknown by use of myths and spirits begets delusion. This dictate is manifest in the Chinese arts through creation of artifacts that give more credence to nature and ignoring the beliefs in illogical superstitions and beliefs in spirits (Sullivan 132). Foreign invasion is a feature that affects the entire culture and organization of the society. In arts and craft, artists begin developing interest in the

Wollstonecraft discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Wollstonecraft discussion - Essay Example This makes them as much rational beings as men are. Today, there are numerous women who do not rely on their appearance for survival. They have infiltrated professionals and careers that would have once been considered impossible for women. This has been made possible thanks to education. Although women are better empowered today than they were a few centuries ago, there is still a considerably huge percentage of the society that still regards the woman as a sex object. Unlike during Wollstonecraft’s days, education cannot be blamed for this misconception about women. Contemporary media and general socialization has more to do with it. There are those women who still consider themselves rationally inferior because the media likes to portray women that way. These women find strength in expressing themselves through their appearance. The good thing is that this kind of thinking is slowly fading as more women become involved in affairs of society. The education system is greatly helping in instilling the idea that women and men are both capable of rational though at the same

Growth and Change in the English Language

Growth and Change in the English Language English is a rich and colorful language that is constantly in flux. The English language has evolved over time, the way all languages do. As members of a society grow and develop, so too must the tools they use to communicate with each other. As Coulmas points out, languages are often said to reflect the social realities of their speech communities (1989, p. 2). Since social realities are constantly shifting, the language that reflects them must adapt as well. This is particularly true of English. One reason for this is that there are so many variations of the language itself. In addition, it is such a widely spoken language, and it is spoken by people in all parts of the world. Non-native speakers of English now outnumber native speakers 3 to1, according to a recent Newsweek report (Power, 2006, par. 4). In addition, non-native speakers of English not only learn the language, they change it: the new English-speakers arent just passively absorbing the language theyre shaping it (Powe r, 2006, par. 5). Changes in Grammar and Vocabulary Even among native speakers of English, the language constantly evolves. Language itself provides the seeds of change, and social circumstances provide fertile ground for their growth and spread (Wolfram,2005, par. 3). We can see this in the grammar and syntax of the language, as well as in the vocabulary. Grammar, for example, has changed gradually over the years. A recent example of this is the need to reflect a new awareness of gender equality. In contemporary usage, instead of always using the male pronoun, speakers and writers employ a variety of ways to acknowledge the equality between the genders. At times, he or she is used. As an alternative,many times people will simply use the plural forms, since they refer to both males and females. Vocabulary changes because new things are constantly invented, and we need ways to name them, and to communicate about them. When new inventions,or new concepts, become part of our lives, we need to have words for them. For example, with the invention of the Internet, new words had to be coined so that people would have a way of discussing it. And since the influence of the Internet continues to grow, new words are continually invented, or borrowed, to categorize the many concepts that have become pertinent to our lives. Innovation in language is necessary because there is a constant need to name novel objects, processes, and relations, asserts Coulmas (1989, p. 15). The options available to a speech community when it needs a new word for a new idea or invention are limited, however. Coulmas breaks it down as follows: When a speech community wants to express a concept for which there is no word in its language it can either borrow one from another language or coin a new one; it can, in other words, borrow the form and the meaning or the meaning only'(1989, p. 15). English Language from a Linguistic Perspective Linguists explain that language, by its very definition, must change and develop overtime in order to meet the needs of an increasingly complex society. Language is seen by linguistic experts as a fluid and constantly evolving tool, one that must adapt in order to continue to meet the needs of the individuals who use it. Occasionally, a language may suffer a period of stagnation, or it may even go through a period of deterioration. Coulmas discusses this, and explains that languages tend to have a basic resiliency that allows them to get past these periods and continue to develop: In the course of history, languages have been known to adapt successfully, thus recovering their full communicative potential after a period of retardation or degeneration (Coulmas, 1989, p. 4). Aitchison explains that human language is a communication system used by humans, but that it is hardly the only system that exists. Other life forms communicate, too,although their medium is not words. The methods these other life forms use to communicate shift over time to accommodate changes in the needs of those who use it. Human language is no different. Human language is not unique among animal communication systems in its tendency to alter itself continuallyasserts Aitchison (2001, p. 95). However, she swiftly points out that it is only recently in the twentieth century that linguists have come to develop plausible theories about the ways in which language changes, and the reasons those changes occur (Aitchison, 2001, p. 95). One of the pioneers of linguistic research is Labov, whose years of research in the field have provided a basic framework for later investigation by other linguists. Labovs studies on language and language change have been hugely influential. His basic premise is that one cannot understand the development of a language change apart from the social life of the community in which it occurs (Labov, 1972, p. 3). This means that the study of language alone is insufficient; the language must be studied within the larger framework of the culture it reflects. The conditions of that culture, historically, socially,economically all play a role in the evolution of that cultures language. In keeping with Labovs theory, Aitchison suggests that language developments happen as a direct consequence of events that occur with in a cultural setting. According to Aitchison, a social trigger is needed to ignite a change (2001, p. 98). She then goes on to explain that these changes do not happen at random, but that there are deeper causes at work. She separates these causes as being either natural tendencies or therapeutic changes (p. 98). Natural tendencies, she explains, are part of a normal and expected linguistic process. An example of this is the tendency for members of a speech community to drop the final consonants of their words. This has happened in other languages, and it is now happening in English as well(Aitchison, 2001, p. 99). Therapeutic changes, on the other hand, are forged by speakers of the language for purposes that may not be initially evident. An example of this is politeness, and the desire to avoid confrontation. Humans learn to create constructions tha t will be less likely to stir up unpleasant interactions (Aitchison, 2001, p. 100). Some changes have overt prestige: speakers regard certain pronunciations as classy, and they want to talk that way themselves (Aitchison, 2001, p. 96). Speakers of a language consciously and unconsciously become aware of certain levels of speech within their language.In order to advance socially, then, some people adopt the words that are spoken by individuals they perceive to be on a higher social level. In so doing, they believe that they will improve their own status. This may work to greater or lesser degrees. However, this can also result in other consequences, such as hyper correction Hyper correction, Aitchison explains, tends to occur in fairly formal styles, when people are trying to speak in a careful way,especially if they are insecure, and want to impress those around (Aitchison,2001, p. 96). Once a language is no longer capable of growth and change, it dies out. Languages that are no longer used, then, are no longer growing. Languages like Ancient Greek and Latin are examples of this. They are alive only in the sense that they area key to past civilizations, but they are no longer used as a means of verbal communication. One linguist writes, change is one of the inevitable facts in the life of any language. The only language not in a perpetual state of flux isa dead language (Wolfram, 2005, par. 3). English, clearly,is alive and thriving, and it continues to change in ways that were never thought possible. As Power notes, all languages are works in progress. ButEnglishs globalization, unprecedented in the history of languages, will revolutionize it in ways we can only begin to imagine (2006, par. 6). Conclusion As this paper has demonstrated, English is a rich language that is spoken all over the world, by natives and non-natives alike. As such, it is in a constant state of evolution. As members of a speech community grow and develop, their language must grow and adapt along with them. Social realities constantly shift, and language clearly reflects that shift, through grammar and syntax as well as through the vocabulary itself. Linguists describe and explain these changes in a number of ways; the discipline of linguistics, much like language itself, is continually evolving and developing as new researchers and new theories come along. English is unique in its ubiquity and in its ability to adapt and reinvent itself, and will certainly continue to change and thrive in years to come. Reference List Aitchison, Jean.2001. Language Change. Pps. 95-104 in The Routledge Companion to Semiotics and Linguistics, ed. Cobley, Paul. London: Routledge. Cobley, Paul, ed.2001. The Routledge Companion to Semiotics and Linguistics. London: Routledge. Coulmas, Florian.1989. Language Adaptation. Pps. 1-25 in Language Adaptation, ed. Coulmas, Florian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Labov, William. 1972.  Socioloinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Power, Carla.2006. Not the Queens English. Newsweek International Edition. Accessedon February 14, 2006, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7038031/site/newsweek/ Wolfram, Walt. 2005.The Truth About Change. Accessed February 14, 2006, from http://www.pbs.org/speak/ahead/change/change/#change

Film Stars Are Earning Too Much?

Constantly appearing under the spot lights, attending endless extravagant parties and feasts, famous film actors, singers, or sportsmen are absolutely celebrities of contemporary society who can earn a huge money that normal people cannot even imagine. Personally I cannot be convinced that this is justified. Nowadays, in most countries, it is not uncommon that these celebrities, or so called ‘stars', make an incredible money with very little effort.For instance, through an endorsement of certain cosmetics brand, an actor/actress could probably get a payment reaching around several millions which equals to at least 10 years' disposable income of an ordinary working family. Therefore, this may attract more youngsters to move into the entertainment industries with false promises of being popular and successful. Besides that, occupations like film actors or singers, from my point of view, are by no means as essential and imperative to our society as some of others vocations such as teachers, doctors, or scientists, to name but a few.Just imagine, how can we survive in a society without any doctor when we get sick? Without teachers, how can we impart all the precious experiences and knowledge to our descendants, thus secure the future of our society. Considering the factors identified above, I tend to agree that stars' big income can by no means be justified by the effort they dedicated. However, let us consider some of the points that may be made in defense of their huge income. For example, the stiff competitions, a lack of privacy, or the relatively short professional life, etc.But, when they choose the career themselves , all these stresses are something they have to be confronted with, and can by no means justify their extravagant life style. By contrast, professionals (e. g. , teachers, doctors, scientists, etc. ) always play a much more pivotal, fundamental, indispensable role in our community. Thus, steps should be taken by governments to raise the awa reness of general public, and to raise social status, as well as incomes of these professionals.

Song of Solomon

Sona Ramnani 2/15/12 EN10258 Professor Blumberg Rough Draft2 â€Å"Then she felt the magic, the African mystery. Say she rose just as free as a bird. As light as a feather† (Hamilton 3) A tale that liberates most, an African mystery, moves generations of Africans as well as other races with a sense of liberation. â€Å"The People Could Fly† gives people a wishful fulfillment. The story is a thorough fantasy of suffering and of magical powers to reach the liberation the people once had. Flying, is an escape. It leaves one in complete release. The People could fly† folktale almost makes those who hear it think that people can actually fly to freedom. However, when reaching this freedom, there are costs. Leaving ones family behind, or consequences of the escape. Nonetheless, it must have been done. In Toni Morrison’s novel Song of Solomon, she liberates us with this sense of flying and escape. The novel, Song of Solomon’s characters accept human flight as a natural occurrence, kind of like the folktale shows it, to liberation. Song of Solomon begins with a suicide attempt from an African American man.Instead of trying to get him down, people simply watch and observe rather then prevent his leap thinking that his flight to liberation may be possible. Throughout the rest of the novel, Morrison traps the reader in themes of struggle for family relationships, the importance of ones name, and independence â€Å"The fathers may soar? And the children may know their names†? This quote foreshadows Milkman, the main character’s, journey throughout the novel and his own pursuit of freedom and flight. This quote also is subject to the bond between father and son.Milkman has always been distant with his family in some ways and mostly with his father. When receiving the nickname â€Å"Milkman†, â€Å"It did nothing to improve either one’s relationship with his father† (Morrison 15). Macon Dead was a man with no depth. His cares revolved around money and material items, and showing any sign of love towards his son was uncommon. This relationship created a underlying hatred between father and son and Milkman â€Å"differed from him as much as he dared† (Morrison 63) He soon starts to look for something different, â€Å"a people† or a different nature, ones who care and weren’t that like his family.Chimamanda Adiche, African writer would say â€Å"He was looking for a different story†. Unknowingly this is where Milkman’s path to flight begins, where he soon discovers old-fashioned â€Å"southern hospitality†. On his trip to Danville, a stranger offers him a ride and a drink, when Milkman tries to pay the man he receives a reply â€Å"I ain’t got much, but I can afford a Coke and a lift now and then† (Morrison, 255). His experiences there show him the build of complete generosity and he learns of a new kind of people where he feels con nected unlike at home where he always felt like an outsider.This leads Milkman’s sudden transformation, the reader watches him grow selflessness. Helping strangers and he realizes â€Å"From the beginning his mother and Pilate had fought for his life, and he had never so much as made with of them a cup of tea† (Morrison, 331). During his journey in Danville, Milkman is on the search for the importance in names. Throughout the novel is has given him a lot of conflict because or where his name was originated from and how it had bad old pasts to it.In Danville he is on a hunt, an obsession to learn how his fathers name originated and pursued the origin of his grandfathers name as well. He had come to the realization that, â€Å"When you know your name, you should hang onto it, for unless it is remembered, it will die when you do† (Morrison, 329). This also creates a sense of caring for Milkman, towards his newfound family origin as well as the people he regretfully treated. â€Å"The fathers may soar† excerpt in the quotation really sets in at this point in the novel.Flight comes full circle from the beginning to the very last sentence of the novel. For practically his whole life Milkman did not care too much about any other human being. Then he slowly started to change in Danville. He started to care about others and the relationships he had with them â€Å"Milkman felt as awkward as he sounded. He had never had to try to make a pleasant impression on a stranger before, never needed anything from a stranger before, and did not remember ever asking anybody in the world how they were† (Morrison, 229). Milkman became a new person, he was independent nd like his great-grandfather he was ready to fly. Ever since he was little he had this determined state of mind that â€Å"only birds and airplanes could fly- and he lost all interest in himself†(Morrison, 9). His entire life was an unconscious search for his ability to take fl ight. When seeing a peacock, Milkman asks his best friend Guitar, â€Å"How come it can’t fly no better than a chicken? † â€Å"Too much tail. All that jewelry weighs it down. Like vanity. Can’t nobody fly with all that shit. Wanna fly, you got to give up the shit that weighs you down† (Morrison, 179).This directly showed milkman that he needed to give up all the materialistic wants, the hatred toward his family, the incapable lack of emotion and soon he begins to â€Å"not to notice or care about the rip at the knee or under the arm† (Morrison, 254) Soon he learns that it is in his blood to fly, that there was hope and a chance for his to feel free of all the vanities that have been bringing him down for years. At the very end of the book Milkman is in a near death situation and he is not afraid â€Å"He knew what Shalimar knew: If you surrendered to the air, you could ride it† (Morrison, 337).Works Cited The Danger of A Single Story. Perf . Chimamanda Adiche. 2009. Online. Hamilton, Virginia. â€Å"Amazon. com: The People Could Fly: American Black Folktales (9780679843368): Virginia Hamilton, Leo Dillon, Diane Dillon Ph. D. : Books. †   Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: Knopf, 1977. Print. Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge my classmates as well as Professor for leading me in deep discussions to further my ideas of these novels, readings, as well as videos.

Lesotho Case Study - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2607 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/21 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Study Essay Did you like this example? Lesotho Case Study The Market and the Mountain Kingdom: Change in Lesotho’s Textile Industry Apartheid and the resulting sanctions against South Africa are what ultimately created the textile industry in Lesotho. Aside from the workers that have historically worked across the border in South African mines, the arrival of the textile industry gave Lesotho its first real participation in the global economy. Otherwise the Lesotho economy consists mostly of subsistence farming. The textile industry gives Lesotho an opportunity to participate in trade with the rest of the world and ideally benefit from globalization. Geographically, Lesotho is uniquely landlocked and in a complete enclave of the country of South Africa. It is the abundance of affordable labor that has attracted clothing manufacturing firms, mostly from Asia that then bring the finished products to the world markets, primarily the United States and Europe. Lesotho has been an appealing location for te xtile manufacturing in part because of world trade agreements such as the Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA), the Lome Convention and the African Growth and Opportunity act (AGOA). All of these trade agreements have expired or are set to expire in some capacity as of the writing of the subject case study, The Market and the Mountain Kingdom: Change in Lesotho’s Textile Industry written in November of 2006. I will be examining these trade agreements and other factors to determine the costs and benefits of each. Lesotho is at a crucial stage of economic development and the decisions that the government makes will affect the quality of life for the people of Lesotho for years to come. Through this examination of the past there are many lessons to be learned from these previous trade policies. In some ways, these policies benefit other countries more than Lesotho. Hopefully these lessons can be applied to a plan of action for the government of Lesotho. It is my recommendation th at the government of Lesotho evaluate the causes and effects of these policies as well as the costs and benefits. Going forward Lesotho should do more to empower and educate its own people rather than rely on preferential trade policies. It is not my point that Lesotho should not take advantage of trade policies while they are in place but it has repeatedly set itself up for failure when trade policies expire. Analysis of Previous Policies Affecting the Lesotho Textile Industry The Lome Convention: The Lome Convention was the first experiment in development and co-operation between Europe and Africa after colonial rule. It was established in 1975 and during the 1980’s greatly benefited Lesotho by providing a developmental spark to the textile industry. It also provided for a smoother separation from British colonization and was a good stepping stone for development. As result, Lesotho along with other former colonies benefited from preferential trade with Europe. Howeve r the agreement went through five major revisions as needs changed and finally expired completely in 2007. The Lome convention can be credited for providing a short-cut to development for developing former colonies but the preferential treatment was not sustainable long term. It originally required that clothing merely be manufactured in a former colony but later was changed to require that the raw materials originate from a former colony as well. Since Lesotho does not produce its own raw materials and imports most of raw materials from China rather than other former colonies, the policy was already outdated before it expired. This left a 17% tariff in place for Lesotho’s access to European markets. This virtually eliminated trade with Europe by 1998. The Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) and, the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) The MFA was a multi-nation agreement that created quotas from individual countries on imports to the Unites States. The MFA was active fr om 1974 to 1994 and was then replaced when the World Trade Organization (WTO) implemented a similar policy called the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC). The policy expired in 2005 and there are currently no country quotas on textiles. Much like the Lome Convention, the ATC helped to start the Lesotho textile industry and carried it through 2005. The cost is that arguably quotas can hinder free trade in the world market. It gives inefficient countries and unfair advantage over efficient countries. The aggregate world output of textiles is fundamentally lower with the quotas in place. The MFA and ATC provided a great way for Lesotho to participate in world trade but unless the policies are permanent, it is not a sustainable solution. Because quotas facilitate inefficient production of goods, they cannot be in place indefinitely. Eventually, truly fair trade must be allowed among all countries and Lesotho must be able to manufacture textiles as efficient as countries like Chi na if it would like to have its textile industry survive. The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) The AGOA is a slightly more modern and realistic way to encourage development in African nations. Lesotho is among the 41 African nations that currently qualify for free trade with the United States without an actual free trade agreement. This act originated with 34 countries that were designated as eligible. The eligibility is based upon a criteria of basic human rights and responsible economic development and the president of the United States is given the authority to add or remove AGOA eligibility. For example, Cote dIvoire, was awarded eligibility in 2003 but was then removed from eligibility in 2005. Lesotho was an original AGOA country and has never lost status. Furthermore Lesotho is also designated as one of the Lesser-Developed Countries (LDC) within the AGOA. To qualify as an LDC, a country must have had a per capita gross national product of less than $1,500 a ye ar in 1998 as measured by the World Bank. This is important to Lesotho because LDC countries qualify for the â€Å"special rule† on textiles. This gives duty- and quota-free treatment on textiles manufactured from materials from other sub-Saharan African or LDC countries or the United States. This puts Lesotho in a unique position because the Lesotho textile industry has mostly been driven by Chinese and Taiwanese companies that import raw textile material from Asia for cut make and trim operations. The special rule makes this possible for now but when the special rule eventually expires, Lesotho is again in danger of the foreign companies pulling out and leaving the textile workers unemployed. The AGOA has been revised numerous times as members gather annually for a forum. In 2007 and the forum in Accra, Ghana Popane Lebesa the Lesotho Minister of Trade and Industry, stated that companies need to be more efficient in order to compete in the global market, and governmen ts must focus on providing â€Å"AID FOR TRADE†. The Minister of Trade is correct but should also add that Lesotho also needs to reduce its dependence on foreign the companies that manage its factories. The AGOA provides for open communications and active management between participating countries. However Lesotho needs to communicate concern because there are parts of the special rule that are scheduled to expire in 2012 and 2015. Currency Concerns When participating in world trade, a nation such as Lesotho must also be aware of foreign exchange rates and currency risk. The currency of Lesotho is called the Loti and is pegged to the South African Rand on a 1:1 basis and both currencies are considered legal tender within Lesotho. The Central Bank of Lesotho is at the direction of the government, the authority of monetary policy for the country. In August 2000, the Central Bank of Lesotho Act came into force. This new Act has conferred considerable autonomy to the Centra l Bank and defines a singular objective for the bank, similar to the central banking system of the United States. However the autonomy and power of the Lesotho Central Bank will be limited as long as there is a policy in place to keep the Loti pegged to the South African Rand. The  Common Monetary Area  (CMA) links  South Africa and  Lesotho in  monetary union. The Rand circulates freely through Lesotho but the Loti is not widely accepted in South Africa. Foreign exchange regulations and  monetary policy  under the CMA reflect the influence of the  South African Reserve Bank. It is probably not realistic for Lesotho to severe its tie to the Rand any time soon but it should work on improving the strength of its own central bank and consider more independence from South Africa as a long term goal. Recommendations for the Government of Lesotho Many outside forces are out of the realm of control of the government of Lesotho such as, foreign policies of other countries , the world economy and foreign currency fluctuations. Although Lesotho does not control these outside forces, it should be doing everything within its power to monitor and interpret these forces. A fundamental understanding of these forces and how they affect Lesotho is vital as it sets its own fiscal and monetary policies as well as its negotiations with other countries on foreign trade. Considering that Lesotho is relatively young with regards to participation in the global economy, the government has done a fine job with development over the past several decades. It was only 1966 when Basutoland gained independence from Great Britain and became Lesotho. It was then a latent effect of the South African Apartheid sanctions that caused clothing anufactures to cross the border and set up operations in Lesotho in the 1980’s. Previous to that, the impact of Lesotho in the world economy was minimal. So considering the youth and inexperience of Lesotho, it is doing a fine job but does need to strive for more improvement. The most salient flaw is Lesotho’s historical dependence on preferential trade policies from Europe and the United States. These policies have been successfully jump-started the textile industry but have historically left Lesotho dependent on them. The problem arises when preferential trade policies expire. The government should always take advantage of these policies but should plan ahead and look for ways to operate competitively as if the preferential policies were not there. Effectively, Lesotho needs to be able to compete with countries like China and Taiwan that are producing textiles more efficiently. With the special rule scheduled to expire and knowing that the AGOA will not likely be in place forever in the same capacity, Lesotho will need to use its time under the AGOA and special rule to work on building and competitive and efficient workforce in order to carry the textile industry as if the AGOA was not in place. Critics of the AGOA special rule argue that it mostly benefits other countries that import the raw materials because the textile industry in Lesotho is mostly managed by expatriates from Taiwan and China. The workforce benefits by having access to wage labor but there is little opportunity for education and self improvement. Jennifer Chen is the Taiwanese owner of Shinning Century Ltd. , one of the major textile factories. She is also a chairwoman of the Lesotho Textile Exporter’s Association. Chen has been quoted as saying that the Chinese work ethic is being transferred to the people of Lesotho through the textile factories. That is a great thing but rarely transfers into factory workers ever becoming more that cut make and trim labor. All work other than labor such as design, management or finance is handled by expatriates from other countries and does little to empower the people of Lesotho. If foreign managed companies pulled out of Lesotho tomorrow, there would be little management experience left behind and the factory laborers would be forced back into sustenance farming. That is not necessarily a bad thing, Lesotho hould be proud of such resilient people that can survive without world trade but the point of this writing is to enhance its textile industry. In order to sustain a position among world trade Lesotho will need to be able to educate its own citizens who have the desire work in capacities beyond factory labor. A specific recommendation to the government of Lesotho would be to require foreign companies such as Shinning Century to implement mandatory education and training programs for factory workers so that they may learn the business in a further capacity than just labor. The government can partner with companies such as Shinning Century to create such programs without creating such a cost that foreign companies are forced to pull out of Lesotho. It just seems wrong that foreign companies can set up operations in Lesotho and b e ready to pull out as soon as world economic conditions change, suddenly leaving tens of thousands of factory workers without employment. If Lesotho had more opportunity for its own people, entrepreneurs from Lesotho could start their own factories and finds ways to produce products for the world market in fair competition with but not dependence on management from China or Taiwan or preferential trade with Europe or the United States. There are numerous programs that Lesotho is already taking advantage of. In July 2007, the Millennium Challenge Corporation signed a five-year, $362. 6 million Compact with Lesotho aimed to reduce poverty and increase economic growth. The Compact entered into force in September 2008, formally initiating the 5-year timeline for project implementation. The Peace Corps of the United States currently has 81 volunteers serving in Lesotho, some of which are business or economic development volunteers. Although it is a small number of volunteers, it g ives citizens of Lesotho an opportunity to learn empowering entrepreneurship skills. Lesotho could also utilize some of these programs to assist in other industries other than textiles like tourism or other industries that can diversify the economic profile of the country. Lesotho should consider investing some more of its own government funds into education. It could pay off in the long run if one day Lesotho could run its textile factories without dependence on Chinese and Taiwanese expatriates. Lesotho should be taking every small step that it can to achieve this goal. In conclusion, the government of Lesotho is doing many things right. When it is kept in perspective that Lesotho only gained independence from Great Britain in 1966, it has made great progress in development. It should also be kept in mind that not all citizens of Lesotho necessarily need the textile industry or world trade. Lesotho has a long storied history of resilience and independence so it should also b e understood that there is only a portion of the population that desires wage labor and industry. But for those that do, there are numerous trade agreements and programs that Lesotho is already taking advantage of. The best advice for the government of Lesotho is to keep progressing as it has for decades but to turn the focus internally so that programs such as the AGOA benefit the people of Lesotho and not the foreign companies that run its textile industry. Also, the creation of education programs for factory workers will motivate and empower its own people to take control of their own industry. References The Harvard Business Review (2006). The Market and the Mountain Kingdom: Change in Lesotho’s Textile Industry. Looming Difficulties, July 19th 2007, From the Economist Print Edition Read more at Suite101:  The Rise and Demise of The Lome Convention: An Experiment in Dialogue and Development Between Europe and Africa  https://international-politics. suite101. com/ar ticle. fm/the_rise_and_demise_of_the_lome_convention#ixzz0fd0IhNd9 African Growth and Opportunity Act data retrieved on 02/18/2020 from: https://www. agoa. gov/eligibility/apparel_eligibility. html Loti and Rand currency information retrieved on 2/17/2010 from: https://www. gocurrency. com/countries/lesotho. htm Info on the Lesotho Central Bank retrieved on 2/18/2010 from: www. centralbank. org. ls/ Peace Corps Data retrieved on 2/19/2010 from: https://www. peacecorps. gov/index. cfm? shell=learn. wherepc. africa. lesotho Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Lesotho Case Study" essay for you Create order